Using Relative Clauses
In this post we will take a look at relative clauses and how we can use them in English. Share What are Relative Clauses? Relative clauses are parts of a
Unreal Past
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Unreal Past
An unreal past structure is one that considers impossible situations. While conditional forms are the most obvious, there are also a number of other ways we can talk about such scenarios.
We’ll take a look here at the variety of forms we can use and how we use them.
Conditional Forms
While conditional forms can also express an unlikely present we are concentrating on ideas that refer to the past here.
The first of these is the 3rd conditional. While we have a typical structure, as follows below here, there are other ways to express the same idea.
Let’s look at some examples
This is the standardif + past perfectform,modal + have + p.p.structure.
- If you hadn’t helped me with the report , I would have been here all night.
We can also useinversion, a structure we can use to show formality.
- Hadyou not helpedme with the report , Iwould have beenhere all night.
Further forms that can be used as well as inversion arewere + fororbut for.
- Hadit not been for your helpme with the report , I would have beenhere all night.
- Were it not for your help/your helping mewith the report , Iwould have beenhere all night.
- But for your helpwith the report , Iwould have beenhere all night.
Speculation & Criticism
Another way we discuss the unreal past is by offering opinions on how or why past events occurred. Two ways we do that are by speculating about it or by criticising past actions.
These types of forms mean that a speaker is offering a more personal view of the situation.
Examples
- I shouldn’t have stayed up so late last night, I’m exhausted.
- What were you doing running onto the road? You could have been killed.
- You needn’t have washed the dishes. I would’ve put them in the dishwasher.
- There was no need to be so rude. She just asked you a simple question.
Regrets & Possibilities
Regrets and talking about past possibilities are another way to reflect on the unreal past.
The most typical of these are the use of wish and if only.
Examples
- I wish you had talked to me first before buying that car.
- If only we had got there sooner, the accident would never have happened.
- You should have talkedto me first before buying that car.
These two forms generally have much the same meaning although if only has a slightly stronger meaning. We can also see how should have + p.p. is possible with the same general sense of regret.
Wish and if only can also be different in meaning.
- If only we had seen the car coming, we could have braked sooner. (regret)
- I wish we’d known you were coming. (wish)
Preferences
When we look at preferences we are at two basic forms rather and prefer. Both, of course, refer to the present but we can also use them as a way of commenting on past preferences.
The grammar for both is different but the meaning is a type of regret or criticism.
Rather
Examples
- I would rather not have fired him but I had no choice given his consistently poor performance.
- I would rather you hadn’t told her we we were coming. I wanted it to be a surprise.
An alternative to would rather is would sooner and it is used with exactly same structure as would rather.
e.g.
I would sooner not have fired him but I had no choice given his consistently poor performance.
Prefer
Examples
- I would prefer not to have firedhim but I had no choice given his consistently poor performance.
- I would prefer (if) you hadn’t told her we we were coming. I wanted it to be a surprise.
Other Unreal Past Structures
Finally, there are a number of expressions which talk about things that should be happening.
These forms use a past form structure and typically use expressions with It’s time.
Example: It’s time we were going.
This example suggests it’s past the time to do something. We can use about and high for further emphasis.
- It’s high time you got a job.
- It’s about time they fired him, he was a terrible manager.
About time can also be used to show irritation, anger or relief about a situation. The general meaning of the expression in this case is finally.
- Hi Mum, I’m home.
- About time! Where have you been?
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